A juntar a outros mistérios já existentes, uma equipa de astrónomos usou dados do telescópio espacial James Webb e do Observatório de Raios-X Chandra para descobrir um buraco negro supermassivo chamado LID-568, escondido numa galáxia anã, a devorar matéria a um ritmo fenomenal mais de 40 vezes acima do limite teórico.
Embora tenha sido de curta duração, este fenómeno, ocorrido apenas 1,5 mil milhões de anos após o Big Bang, pode ajudar a explicar como buracos negros gigantes cresceram tão rápido no início do universo.
A descoberta sugere que um único episódio de alimentação intensa pode ser crucial para o crescimento, independentemente da origem “leve” ou “pesada” do buraco negro.
Existem buracos negros supermassivos no centro da maioria das galáxias, e os telescópios modernos continuam a observá-los em tempos surpreendentemente precoces da evolução do Universo. É difícil compreender como é que estes buracos negros conseguiram crescer tanto e tão rapidamente, mas com a descoberta de um buraco negro supermassivo de baixa massa, alimentando-se de matéria a um ritmo extremo, logo após o nascimento do Universo, há agora novas informações valiosas sobre os mecanismos dos buracos negros de crescimento rápido no Universo primitivo, sublinha a NASA.
O LID-568 estava escondido entre milhares de objetos no levantamento COSMOS do Observatório de Raios-X Chandra, um catálogo resultante de cerca de 4,6 milhões de segundos de observações do Chandra. Esta população de galáxias é muito brilhante sob luz de raios X, mas invisível em observações óticas e anteriores no infravermelho próximo.
Já acompanhando o James Webb, os astrónomos puderam utilizar a sensibilidade infravermelha única do observatório para detetar estas fracas emissões homólogas, que levaram à descoberta do buraco negro.
Veja na galeria algumas das melhores imagens registadas com a ajuda do James Webb
![This image of interacting galaxies Arp 142, captured by the James Webb Space Telescope’s NIRCam (Near-InfraRed Camera) and MIRI (Mid-InfraRed Instrument), shows compass arrows, a scale bar, and a colour key for reference. The north and east compass arrows show the orientation of the image on the sky. Note that the relationship between north and east on the sky (as seen from below) is flipped relative to direction arrows on a map of the ground (as seen from above). The scale bar is labelled in light-years, which is the distance that light travels in one Earth-year. (It takes three years for light to travel a distance equal to the length of the scale bar.) One light-year is equal to about 9.46 trillion kilometres. The scale bar is also labelled in arcseconds, which is a measure of angular distance on the sky. One arcsecond is equal to an angular measurement of 1/3600 of one degree. There are 60 arcminutes in a degree and 60 arcseconds in an arcminute. (The full Moon has an angular diameter of about 30 arcminutes.) The actual size of an object that covers one arcsecond on the sky depends on its distance from the telescope. This image shows invisible near- and mid-infrared wavelengths of light that have been translated into visible-light colours. The colour key shows which NIRCam and MIRI filters were used when collecting the light. The name of each filter is the visible light colour used to represent the infrared light that passes through that filter. [Image description: Two interacting galaxies known as Arp 142. At left is NGC 2937, nicknamed the Egg for its appearance. At right is NGC 2936, nicknamed the Penguin for its appearance. The latter’s beak-like region points toward and above the Egg.]](https://mb.web.sapo.io/a4abd86df8fd1af368a46d5331c138ff3b2c13d7.jpg)
![This image from Webb’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) instrument shows a portion of the GOODS-North field of galaxies. At the lower right, a pullout highlights the galaxy GN-z11, which is seen at a time just 430 million years after the Big Bang. The image reveals an extended component, tracing the GN-z11 host galaxy, and a central, compact source whose colours are consistent with those of an accretion disc surrounding a black hole. [Image description: A rectangular image with thousands of galaxies of various shapes and colours on the black background of space. Some are noticeably spirals, either face-on or edge-on, while others are blobby ellipticals. Many are too small to discern any structure. One prominent foreground star at top centre features Webb’s signature eight-point diffraction spikes. At lower right, a small region is highlighted with a white box. Vertical lines extend upward like a cone to the bottom corners of a larger box at upper right, showing a zoomed-in version of the highlighted area. The pullout features a galaxy labelled GN-z11, seen as a fuzzy yellow dot. Above it is another galaxy, seen as a fuzzy red oval.]](http://mb.web.sapo.io/f6f30cda88cbe87e155871ba5170c9132f94fd15.jpg)
![This two-part graphic shows evidence of a gaseous clump of helium in the halo surrounding the galaxy GN-z11. In the top portion, at the far right, a small box identifies GN-z11 in a field of galaxies. The middle box shows a zoomed-in image of the galaxy. The box at the far left displays a map of the helium gas in the halo of GN-z11, including a clump that does not appear in the infrared colours shown in the middle panel. In the lower half of the graphic, a spectrum shows the distinct ‘fingerprint’ of helium in the halo. The full spectrum shows no evidence of other elements and so suggests that the helium clump must be fairly pristine, made almost entirely of hydrogen and helium gas left over from the Big Bang, without much contamination from heavier elements produced by stars. Theory and simulations in the vicinity of particularly massive galaxies from these epochs predict that there should be pockets of pristine gas surviving in the halo, and these may collapse and form Population III star clusters. [Image description: A graphic labelled Galaxy GN-z11, Pristine Gas Clump Near GN-z11. The graphic is divided into two sections. The top half of the graphic features a rectangular image of a field of galaxies with two pullouts, the second of them labelled Helium Two Detected. The bottom half shows a single line graph.]](http://mb.web.sapo.io/e88335c0ecb525e2977cdb7fda8db35d60433f94.jpg)
![This image of the GOODS-North field, captured by Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam), shows compass arrows, a scale bar, and a colour key for reference. The north and east compass arrows show the orientation of the image on the sky. Note that the relationship between north and east on the sky (as seen from below) is flipped relative to direction arrows on a map of the ground (as seen from above). The scale bar is labelled in angular distance on the sky, where one arcsecond is one 3600th of a degree. The scale bar is 60 arcseconds long. This image shows invisible near-infrared wavelengths of light that have been translated into visible-light colours. The colour key shows which NIRCam filters were used when collecting the light. The colour of each filter name is the visible light colour used to represent the infrared light that passes through that filter. [Image description: A rectangular image shows thousands of galaxies of various shapes and colours on the black background of space. The pullout features a galaxy labelled GN-z11, seen as a fuzzy yellow dot. Above it is another galaxy, seen as a fuzzy red oval. To the left of the small box, a scale bar is labelled 60 arcseconds. It extends about one tenth of the way across the image. Below the image, a list of NIRCam filters show what colours were used to make the image. Filters shown in blue are F090W, F115W, and F150W. Filters shown in green are F200W, F277W, and F335M. Filters shown in red are F356W, F410M, and F444W.]](http://mb.web.sapo.io/e5b881b601f585337061240e616183a872385437.jpg)
![This image from Webb’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) instrument shows a portion of the GOODS-North field of galaxies. [Image description: A rectangular image with thousands of galaxies of various shapes and colours on the black background of space. Some are noticeably spirals, either face-on or edge-on, while others are blobby ellipticals. Many are too small to discern any structure. One prominent foreground star at top centre features Webb’s signature eight-point diffraction spikes.]](http://mb.web.sapo.io/2041446b9a53fd51681679e5383d06e674e14b2e.jpg)
A velocidade e a dimensão destes fluxos levaram a equipa a inferir que uma fração substancial do crescimento em massa do LID-568 pode ter ocorrido num único episódio de rápida acumulação.
O LID-568 parece estar a alimentar-se de matéria a uma taxa 40 vezes superior ao limite de Eddington. Este limite está relacionado com a quantidade máxima de luz que o material em torno de um buraco negro pode emitir, bem como com a rapidez com que pode absorver matéria, pelo que a sua força gravitacional interna e a pressão externa gerada a partir do calor da matéria comprimida e em queda mantêm-se em equilíbrio.
Os resultados obtidos fornecem novos insights sobre a formação de buracos negros supermassivos a partir de “sementes” de buracos negros mais pequenos, que as teorias atuais sugerem que surgem da morte das primeiras estrelas do universo (sementes leves) ou do colapso direto de nuvens de gás ( sementes pesadas). Até agora, estas teorias careciam de confirmação observacional.
A nova descoberta sugere que uma porção significativa do crescimento de massa pode ocorrer durante um único episódio de alimentação rápida, independentemente de o buraco negro ter tido origem numa semente leve ou pesada.
O estudo que levou à descoberta foi liderado por Hyewon Suh, astrónomo do Observatório Internacional Gemini/NSF NOIRLab, e os resultados estão descritos num artigo entretanto publicado na revista Nature Astronomy.
Pergunta do Dia
Veja também
Em destaque
-
Multimédia
Imagens de satélite mostram impacto das cheias em Espanha e ajudam a salvar vidas -
App do dia
O seu telefone é “esperto” o suficiente? A app Geekbench AI quer servir como tira-teimas -
Site do dia
Tem boa capacidade de observação? Então tente encontrar as personagens em i-Spy -
How to TEK
4 dicas rápidas para tirar partido do iPad e tornar-se mais produtivo
Comentários